UNIT 4: JUSTICE

Law and justice: adjectives
Guilty: culpable
Innocent: inocent

Law and justice: nouns
Court: tribunal
Crime: crim
Criminal: criminal
Detective: detectiu
Evidence: proves
Judge: judge
Jury: jurat
Justice: justícia
Law: llei
Lawyer: advocat
Punishment: càstig
Sentence: sentència
Victim: víctima
Witness: testimoni

Law and justice: verbs
Arrest: arrestar
Commit (a crime): cometre un crim
Investigate: investigar
Prove: demostrar

Compound nounsBus stop: parada d'autobús
Care home: residència
Community service: serveis a la comunitat
Defense lawyer: advocat defensor
Detective series: sèries de detectius
Exam result: Resultat d'un examen
Football team: equip de futbol
Police car: cotxe de policia
School building: edifici escolar
Summer holiday: vacances d'estiu
Traffic lights: semàfors


Crimes and criminals
Burglar: lladre (en una casa)
Burglary: robatori (en una casa)
Burgle: robar (en una casa)
Kidnap: segrestar, raptar
Kidnapper: segrestador
Kidnapping: segrest
Mug: atracar (someone)
Mugger: atracador (someone)
Mugging: atracament (someone)
Murder (noun): assassinat
Murder (verb): assassinat
Murderer: assassí
Rob: robar (a building, someone)
Robber: lladre (a building, someone)
Robbery: robatori (a building, someone)
Shoplift: furtar
Shoplifter: lladre
Shoplifting: furt
Steal: robar (something)
Theft: robatori (something)
Thief: lladre (something)
Vandal: vàndal (something)
Vandalism: vandalisme (something)
Vandalize: fer malbé, destrossar (something)

UNIT 4: REPORTED SPEECH

We use reported speech to report what another person has said, without quoting their exact word. In reported speech we don't use inverted commas ("...").


REPORTED STATEMENTS


TENSE CHANGES

* When we convert a direct speech sentence into reported speech, we change the tense of the main verb by putting it one step further into the past.

DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
Present simple	Past simple
I come	I came
Present continuous	Past continuous
I’m reading	I was reading
Present perfect simple	Past perfect simple
I have told	I had told
Past simple	Past perfect simple
I walked	I had walked
Will	Would
I will see	I would see
Can	Could
I can sing	I could sing
Must	Had to
I must read	I had to read

For example: "I can't come to your party" said Toni --> Toni said that he couldn't come to my party.

* We don't change the past perfect simple in reported speech.


OTHER CHANGES

* Most modals verbs don't change when we convert direct speech into reported speech. For example:
You should report the theft --> She said that I should report the theft.

* Pronouns usually change

* Expressions of time and place usually change. For example:
"Were are going to meet tomorrow" said Lisa --> Lisa said that they were going to meet the following day.

DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
Here	There
This	That
These	Those
Now	Then
Next week	The following week
Today	That day
Tonight	That night
Tomorrow	The following day
Yesterday	The day before
Last week	The week before

REPORTED COMMANDS AND REQUESTS

* In reported commands we use:

Subject + TELL + object + (not) to + verb (infinitive).

Ex: The police officer told him to go away.

     The detective told us not to touch anything.

* In reported requests we use:

Subject + ASK + (not) to + verb (infinitive).

Ex: He asked me to show him my passport.

      The judge asked us not no make a noise.

REPORTING QUESTIONS

These sentences have a different word order from direct questions. In fact, they have the same order as affirmative questions.

Direct questions: verb + subject --> "What's your name?" he asked.

Reported speech: subject + verb --> He asked what her name was.

* We don't use do/did in reported questions.

* If a direct question uses a question word we repeat it in the reported question.

   Ex: "What are you reading? asked Jake. --> Jake asked what he was reading.

* If a direct question doesn't use a question word, we use if or wether in the reported question.

   Ex: "Can you show me your passport?" asked the police. --> The police asked if she could show him her passport.

REPORTING VERBS

We can use other verbs to introduce reported speech.

- VERB + OBJECT + VERB (infinitve with to). --> Reported verbs used in reported commands and requests.

       * ask, advise, invite, order, remind, tell, encourage, persuade, warn.

Ex: "You ought to tell them the truth". --> She advised them to tell the truth.

- VERB + VERB (infinitive with to).

      * agree, offer, promise, refuse.

Ex: "No, we won't help you". --> They refused to help us.

- VERB (+ that) + SUBJECT + VERB ( in reporting tense).

     * admit, declare, explain, insist, promise, recommend, reply, reveal, say, suggest, add.

Ex: "You need to call this number". --> He explained that I needed to call that number.

- VERB + FOR + VERB (-ing)

      * apologize for

Ex: "I'm sorry I was impolite". --> She apologized for being impolite.

UNIT 3: VOCABULARY AND ADVERBS

VOCABULARY:


Travel and adventure: verbs
Book: reservar
Catch (a plane): agafar (un avió)
Explore: explorar
Go (swimming): anar a (nedar)
Go on an adventure: anar a una aventura
Go on holiday: anar de vacances
Hire: alquilar
Pack: fer la maleta
Spend (a day): passar (un dia)
Sunbathe: prendre el sol
Take a trip: anar de viatge
Take a photograph: fer una fotografia


Travel and adventure: nouns
Bungee jump: puenting
Crevasse: esquerda
Desert: desert
Summit: cim
Sunburn: cremada del Sol
Suntan: broncejat
Survival: supervivent
Travel agent: agent de viatge


Noun suffixes:
Ability: capacitat
Ambition: ambició
Caution: prudència
Determination: determinació
Encouragement: ànim, estímul
Endurance: fortalesa, resistència
Enjoyment: plaer
Happiness: felicitat
Imagination: imaginació
Inspiration: inspiració
Patience: paciència
Performance: representació
Reality: realitat
Toughness: duresa
Violence: violència
Weakness: debilitat


ADVERBS:

We use adverbs to make a text more interesting. We can use them to:
- Comment on what we are saying (comment adverbs)
- Quantify something (degree adverbs)
- Describe the way in which something is done (manner adverbs)


1. Comment adverbs appear at the beginning of a sentence (amazingly, luckily,...)
    ex: Unfortunately, they didn't have any rooms.


2. Degree adverbs appear before the adjective or adverb they are modifying (really, very, extremely, ...)
   ex: This book is really interesting.


3. Manner adverbs appear at the end of a sentence (quickly, patiently, desperately, ...)
   ex: They sent me some money quickly.

UNIT 3: COMPLEX CLAUSES AND LINKERS

A complex clause gives us extra information about a sentence and it's introduced by a linking word called linkers.
There are different types of linkers depending on what we want to express or say.


- Linkers of contrast --> We use these linkers to express contrast.
        
        1) Atlhough/ Though + clause
           ex: Although his train was late, he didn't miss his flight.


       2) Despite the fact that / In spite of the fact that + clause
          ex: Despite the fact that the tickets were too expensive, we bought them anyway.
               They really enjoyed the hotel in spite of the fact that it was very noisy at nights.
  
      3) Despite / In spite of + noun / pronoun or gerund
          ex: We went clycling in spite of the bad weather.
               Despite feeling tired she finished the climb.


- Linkers of purpose and reason --> We use these linkers to talk about a purpose of an action.
        
        REASON


       1) To / In order (not) to / So as (not) to + infinitive
           ex: I hired a car to tour the city.
                He went to Alaska so as to experience a new place.
                He left early in order not to be late.


       2) So / So that + clause
           ex: He took a notebook so that he could write about his holiday.
              
        PURPOSE        
        1) As / Because / Since + clause
           ex: As the flight was cancelled, we stayed all the night in the airport.
                My cousin went to the park because he wanted to have a good time with his friends.


        2) Because of + noun / noun phrase
            ex: She went skiing because of the good weather.
      
- Linkers of result --> We use these linkers to talk about the result or the effect of something.

        1) So + adjective / adverb + that clause
            ex: The guidebook was so useless that I threw it away.


        2) Such + a(n) + adjective / singular noun + that clause            
           ex: It was such an incredible place that I'd like to stay another week.