Law and justice: adjectives
Guilty: culpable
Innocent: inocent
Law and justice: nouns
Court: tribunal
Crime: crim
Criminal: criminal
Detective: detectiu
Evidence: proves
Judge: judge
Jury: jurat
Justice: justícia
Law: llei
Lawyer: advocat
Punishment: càstig
Sentence: sentència
Victim: víctima
Witness: testimoni
Law and justice: verbs
Arrest: arrestar
Commit (a crime): cometre un crim
Investigate: investigar
Prove: demostrar
Compound nounsBus stop: parada d'autobús
Care home: residència
Community service: serveis a la comunitat
Defense lawyer: advocat defensor
Detective series: sèries de detectius
Exam result: Resultat d'un examen
Football team: equip de futbol
Police car: cotxe de policia
School building: edifici escolar
Summer holiday: vacances d'estiu
Traffic lights: semàfors
Crimes and criminals
Burglar: lladre (en una casa)
Burglary: robatori (en una casa)
Burgle: robar (en una casa)
Kidnap: segrestar, raptar
Kidnapper: segrestador
Kidnapping: segrest
Mug: atracar (someone)
Mugger: atracador (someone)
Mugging: atracament (someone)
Murder (noun): assassinat
Murder (verb): assassinat
Murderer: assassí
Rob: robar (a building, someone)
Robber: lladre (a building, someone)
Robbery: robatori (a building, someone)
Shoplift: furtar
Shoplifter: lladre
Shoplifting: furt
Steal: robar (something)
Theft: robatori (something)
Thief: lladre (something)
Vandal: vàndal (something)
Vandalism: vandalisme (something)
Vandalize: fer malbé, destrossar (something)
bruno's blog
lunes, 28 de febrero de 2011
UNIT 4: REPORTED SPEECH
We use reported speech to report what another person has said, without quoting their exact word. In reported speech we don't use inverted commas ("...").
REPORTED STATEMENTS
TENSE CHANGES
* When we convert a direct speech sentence into reported speech, we change the tense of the main verb by putting it one step further into the past.
For example: "I can't come to your party" said Toni --> Toni said that he couldn't come to my party.
* We don't change the past perfect simple in reported speech.
OTHER CHANGES
* Most modals verbs don't change when we convert direct speech into reported speech. For example:
You should report the theft --> She said that I should report the theft.
* Pronouns usually change
* Expressions of time and place usually change. For example:
"Were are going to meet tomorrow" said Lisa --> Lisa said that they were going to meet the following day.
REPORTED STATEMENTS
TENSE CHANGES
* When we convert a direct speech sentence into reported speech, we change the tense of the main verb by putting it one step further into the past.
DIRECT SPEECH | REPORTED SPEECH |
Present simple | Past simple |
I come | I came |
Present continuous | Past continuous |
I’m reading | I was reading |
Present perfect simple | Past perfect simple |
I have told | I had told |
Past simple | Past perfect simple |
I walked | I had walked |
Will | Would |
I will see | I would see |
Can | Could |
I can sing | I could sing |
Must | Had to |
I must read | I had to read |
For example: "I can't come to your party" said Toni --> Toni said that he couldn't come to my party.
* We don't change the past perfect simple in reported speech.
OTHER CHANGES
* Most modals verbs don't change when we convert direct speech into reported speech. For example:
You should report the theft --> She said that I should report the theft.
* Pronouns usually change
* Expressions of time and place usually change. For example:
"Were are going to meet tomorrow" said Lisa --> Lisa said that they were going to meet the following day.
DIRECT SPEECH | REPORTED SPEECH |
Here | There |
This | That |
These | Those |
Now | Then |
Next week | The following week |
Today | That day |
Tonight | That night |
Tomorrow | The following day |
Yesterday | The day before |
Last week | The week before |
REPORTED COMMANDS AND REQUESTS
* In reported commands we use:
Subject + TELL + object + (not) to + verb (infinitive).
Ex: The police officer told him to go away.
The detective told us not to touch anything.
* In reported requests we use:
Subject + ASK + (not) to + verb (infinitive).
Ex: He asked me to show him my passport.
The judge asked us not no make a noise.
REPORTING QUESTIONS
These sentences have a different word order from direct questions. In fact, they have the same order as affirmative questions.
Direct questions: verb + subject --> "What's your name?" he asked.
Reported speech: subject + verb --> He asked what her name was.
* We don't use do/did in reported questions.
* If a direct question uses a question word we repeat it in the reported question.
Ex: "What are you reading? asked Jake. --> Jake asked what he was reading.
* If a direct question doesn't use a question word, we use if or wether in the reported question.
Ex: "Can you show me your passport?" asked the police. --> The police asked if she could show him her passport.
REPORTING VERBS
We can use other verbs to introduce reported speech.
- VERB + OBJECT + VERB (infinitve with to). --> Reported verbs used in reported commands and requests.
* ask, advise, invite, order, remind, tell, encourage, persuade, warn.
Ex: "You ought to tell them the truth". --> She advised them to tell the truth.
- VERB + VERB (infinitive with to).
* agree, offer, promise, refuse.
Ex: "No, we won't help you". --> They refused to help us.
- VERB (+ that) + SUBJECT + VERB ( in reporting tense).
* admit, declare, explain, insist, promise, recommend, reply, reveal, say, suggest, add.
Ex: "You need to call this number". --> He explained that I needed to call that number.
- VERB + FOR + VERB (-ing)
* apologize for
Ex: "I'm sorry I was impolite". --> She apologized for being impolite.
UNIT 3: VOCABULARY AND ADVERBS
VOCABULARY:
Travel and adventure: verbs
Book: reservar
Catch (a plane): agafar (un avió)
Explore: explorar
Go (swimming): anar a (nedar)
Go on an adventure: anar a una aventura
Go on holiday: anar de vacances
Hire: alquilar
Pack: fer la maleta
Spend (a day): passar (un dia)
Sunbathe: prendre el sol
Take a trip: anar de viatge
Take a photograph: fer una fotografia
Travel and adventure: nouns
Bungee jump: puenting
Crevasse: esquerda
Desert: desert
Summit: cim
Sunburn: cremada del Sol
Suntan: broncejat
Survival: supervivent
Travel agent: agent de viatge
Noun suffixes:
Ability: capacitat
Ambition: ambició
Caution: prudència
Determination: determinació
Encouragement: ànim, estímul
Endurance: fortalesa, resistència
Enjoyment: plaer
Happiness: felicitat
Imagination: imaginació
Inspiration: inspiració
Patience: paciència
Performance: representació
Reality: realitat
Toughness: duresa
Violence: violència
Weakness: debilitat
ADVERBS:
Travel and adventure: verbs
Book: reservar
Catch (a plane): agafar (un avió)
Explore: explorar
Go (swimming): anar a (nedar)
Go on an adventure: anar a una aventura
Go on holiday: anar de vacances
Hire: alquilar
Pack: fer la maleta
Spend (a day): passar (un dia)
Sunbathe: prendre el sol
Take a trip: anar de viatge
Take a photograph: fer una fotografia
Travel and adventure: nouns
Bungee jump: puenting
Crevasse: esquerda
Desert: desert
Summit: cim
Sunburn: cremada del Sol
Suntan: broncejat
Survival: supervivent
Travel agent: agent de viatge
Noun suffixes:
Ability: capacitat
Ambition: ambició
Caution: prudència
Determination: determinació
Encouragement: ànim, estímul
Endurance: fortalesa, resistència
Enjoyment: plaer
Happiness: felicitat
Imagination: imaginació
Inspiration: inspiració
Patience: paciència
Performance: representació
Reality: realitat
Toughness: duresa
Violence: violència
Weakness: debilitat
ADVERBS:
We use adverbs to make a text more interesting. We can use them to:
- Comment on what we are saying (comment adverbs)
- Quantify something (degree adverbs)
- Describe the way in which something is done (manner adverbs)
1. Comment adverbs appear at the beginning of a sentence (amazingly, luckily,...)
ex: Unfortunately, they didn't have any rooms.
2. Degree adverbs appear before the adjective or adverb they are modifying (really, very, extremely, ...)
ex: This book is really interesting.
3. Manner adverbs appear at the end of a sentence (quickly, patiently, desperately, ...)
ex: They sent me some money quickly.
- Comment on what we are saying (comment adverbs)
- Quantify something (degree adverbs)
- Describe the way in which something is done (manner adverbs)
1. Comment adverbs appear at the beginning of a sentence (amazingly, luckily,...)
ex: Unfortunately, they didn't have any rooms.
2. Degree adverbs appear before the adjective or adverb they are modifying (really, very, extremely, ...)
ex: This book is really interesting.
3. Manner adverbs appear at the end of a sentence (quickly, patiently, desperately, ...)
ex: They sent me some money quickly.
UNIT 3: COMPLEX CLAUSES AND LINKERS
A complex clause gives us extra information about a sentence and it's introduced by a linking word called linkers.
There are different types of linkers depending on what we want to express or say.
- Linkers of contrast --> We use these linkers to express contrast.
1) Atlhough/ Though + clause
ex: Although his train was late, he didn't miss his flight.
2) Despite the fact that / In spite of the fact that + clause
ex: Despite the fact that the tickets were too expensive, we bought them anyway.
They really enjoyed the hotel in spite of the fact that it was very noisy at nights.
3) Despite / In spite of + noun / pronoun or gerund
ex: We went clycling in spite of the bad weather.
Despite feeling tired she finished the climb.
- Linkers of purpose and reason --> We use these linkers to talk about a purpose of an action.
REASON
1) To / In order (not) to / So as (not) to + infinitive
ex: I hired a car to tour the city.
He went to Alaska so as to experience a new place.
He left early in order not to be late.
2) So / So that + clause
ex: He took a notebook so that he could write about his holiday.
PURPOSE
1) As / Because / Since + clause
ex: As the flight was cancelled, we stayed all the night in the airport.
My cousin went to the park because he wanted to have a good time with his friends.
2) Because of + noun / noun phrase
ex: She went skiing because of the good weather.
- Linkers of result --> We use these linkers to talk about the result or the effect of something.
1) So + adjective / adverb + that clause
ex: The guidebook was so useless that I threw it away.
2) Such + a(n) + adjective / singular noun + that clause
ex: It was such an incredible place that I'd like to stay another week.
There are different types of linkers depending on what we want to express or say.
- Linkers of contrast --> We use these linkers to express contrast.
1) Atlhough/ Though + clause
ex: Although his train was late, he didn't miss his flight.
2) Despite the fact that / In spite of the fact that + clause
ex: Despite the fact that the tickets were too expensive, we bought them anyway.
They really enjoyed the hotel in spite of the fact that it was very noisy at nights.
3) Despite / In spite of + noun / pronoun or gerund
ex: We went clycling in spite of the bad weather.
Despite feeling tired she finished the climb.
- Linkers of purpose and reason --> We use these linkers to talk about a purpose of an action.
REASON
1) To / In order (not) to / So as (not) to + infinitive
ex: I hired a car to tour the city.
He went to Alaska so as to experience a new place.
He left early in order not to be late.
2) So / So that + clause
ex: He took a notebook so that he could write about his holiday.
PURPOSE
1) As / Because / Since + clause
ex: As the flight was cancelled, we stayed all the night in the airport.
My cousin went to the park because he wanted to have a good time with his friends.
2) Because of + noun / noun phrase
ex: She went skiing because of the good weather.
- Linkers of result --> We use these linkers to talk about the result or the effect of something.
1) So + adjective / adverb + that clause
ex: The guidebook was so useless that I threw it away.
2) Such + a(n) + adjective / singular noun + that clause
ex: It was such an incredible place that I'd like to stay another week.
martes, 23 de noviembre de 2010
lunes, 22 de noviembre de 2010
Brandon Flowers: Crossfire
CROSSFIRE
There's a still in the street outside your window
You're keeping secrets on your pillow
Let me inside no cause for alarm
I promise tonight I won't do no harm
Yeah I promise ya babe, I won't do you no harm
And we're caught up in the crossfire
Of heaven and hell
And we're searchin’ for shelter
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Watching you dress as you turn down the lights
I forget all about the storm outside
Dark clouds roll their way over town
Heart-ache and pain came-ah pouring down
Like hail, sleet and rain, yeah, they're handing it out
We're caught up in the crossfire
Of heaven and hell
And we're searchin’ for shelter
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Tell the devil that he can go back from where he came
His fiery arrows drew their bead in vain
And when the hardest part is over we'll be here
And our dreams will break
The boundaries of our fear
The boundaries of our fear
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Lay your body down
Next to mine
TRANSLATION:
FUEGO CRUZADO
La calle que da a tu ventana está en calma
mientras guardas secretos sobre tu almohada
Déjame entrar, no tienes por qué asustarte
prometo no causar ningún daño esta noche
te prometo cariño, no te haré ningún daño
Y estamos atrapados en el fuego cruzado
de cielo e infierno
Y estamos buscando refugio
Túmbate
Túmbate
Túmbate
Mirando tu vestido mientras bajas las luces
me olvido de todo de la tormenta de afuera
Nubes negras retumban abriéndose camino sobre la ciudad
diluviando sufrimiento y dolor
arrojándolo como si fuese granizo, aguanieve y lluvia
Y estamos atrapados en el fuego cruzado
de cielo e infierno
Y estamos buscando refugio
Túmbate
Túmbate
Túmbate
Túmbate
Túmbate
Túmbate
Dile al diablo que puede irse por dónde vino
nos apuntó con sus abrasadoras flechas en vano
Y cuando haya pasado lo peor, seguiremos aquí
y nuestros sueños sobrepasarán los límites de nuestro miedo
los límites de nuestro miedo
Túmbate
Túmbate
Túmbate
Túmbate
Túmbate
Túmbate
junto a mí
lunes, 20 de septiembre de 2010
Present tenses review
Present simple and present continuous:
We use the present simple to talk about:
* Facts and states.
- The library doesn't close until 10 p.m.
- I'm pretty tired right now.
* Habits and repeated actions.
- I usually get up early.
- I often meet friends.
We use the present continuous to talk about:
* Actions happening now.
- I'm studying design and technology.
- She's going to the library.
* Temporary situations.
- At the moment, I'm living in a university building.
- Right now, he's feeling a bit nervous.
Present perfect simple:
We use the present perfect simple:
* To talk about states, actions or events that started in the past and that continue in the present.
- How long have you been here?
* To talk about something which happened in the past and which has an effect in the present.
- She's passed her exams so she's going to university.
* To talk about past experiences, without saying exactly when they took place.
- I've made a lot of new friends.
We use the present simple to talk about:
* Facts and states.
- The library doesn't close until 10 p.m.
- I'm pretty tired right now.
* Habits and repeated actions.
- I usually get up early.
- I often meet friends.
We use the present continuous to talk about:
* Actions happening now.
- I'm studying design and technology.
- She's going to the library.
* Temporary situations.
- At the moment, I'm living in a university building.
- Right now, he's feeling a bit nervous.
Present perfect simple:
We use the present perfect simple:
* To talk about states, actions or events that started in the past and that continue in the present.
- How long have you been here?
* To talk about something which happened in the past and which has an effect in the present.
- She's passed her exams so she's going to university.
* To talk about past experiences, without saying exactly when they took place.
- I've made a lot of new friends.
Suscribirse a:
Entradas (Atom)